#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Statins, brain and cholesterol: is it going together?


Authors: Vladimír Soška 1,2
Authors‘ workplace: Oddělení klinické biochemie, ICRC – oddělení kardiovaskulárních chorob FN u sv. Anny v Brně 1;  Katedra laboratorních metod LF MU Brno a II. interní klinika LF MU a FN u sv. Anny v Brně 2
Published in: AtheroRev 2018; 3(3): 169-172
Category: Reviews

Overview

Statins are among the primary drugs for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Compliance to long-term statin treatments is unsatisfactory, and one of the reasons are some rumors about their side effects, including concerns about brain damage, both directly from statins and due to very low blood LDL-cholesterol levels. However, blood cholesterol levels do not affect the brain‘s cholesterol supply because brain has its own regulatory mechanisms that control its endogenous synthesis, transport, degradation and excretion. Regarding the side effects of statins on the brain, it has not been demonstrated that statin administration has a negative effect on brain function, and some newer meta-analyzes confirm the positive effects of statins in some neurological diseases.

Key words:

brain, cholesterol, statins

Received: 4. 9. 2018

Accepted: 26. 9. 2018


Sources
  1. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010; 376(9753): 1670–1681. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(10)61350–5>.
  2. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis 2016; 252: 207–274. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.037>.
  3. Skoupá J. Dlouhodobá adherence ke kardiovaskulární farmakoterapii v České republice na příkladu amlodipinu a atorvastatinu. Kapitoly z kardiologie 2011; 3(2): 64–67.
  4. Giugliano RP, Pedersen TR, Park JG et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. Lancet 2017; 390(10106): 1962–1971. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(17)32290–0>.
  5. Saher G, Quintes S, Nave KA. Cholesterol: a novel regulatory role in myelin formation. Neuroscientist 2011; 17(1): 79–93. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858410373835>.
  6. Zhang J, Liu Q. Cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the brain. Protein Cell 2015; 6(4): 254–264. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238–014–0131–3>.
  7. Olsson AG, Angelin B, Assmann G et al. Can LDL cholesterol be too low? Possible risks of extremely low levels. J Intern Med 2017; 281(6): 534–553. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.12614>.
  8. Russell DW, Halford RW, Ramirez DM et al. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase: an enzyme of cholesterol turnover in the brain. Annu Rev Biochem 2009; 78: 1017–1040. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103859>.
  9. McFarland AJ, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Arora DS et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of statins in the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15(11): 20607–20637. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms151120607>.
  10. Yamamoto T, Davis CG, Brown MS et al. The human LDL receptor: a cysteine-rich protein with multiple Alu sequences in its mRNA. Cell 1984; 39(1): 27–38.
  11. Thelen KM, Rentsch KM, Gutteck U et al. Brain cholesterol synthesis in mice is affected by high dose of simvastatin but not of pravastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 316(3): 1146–1152. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.094136>.
  12. Sheng Z, Jia X, Kang M. Statin use and risk of Parkinson‘s disease: A meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2016; 309: 29–34. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.046>.
  13. Geifman N, Brinton RD, Kennedy RE et al. Evidence for benefit of statins to modify cognitive decline and risk in Alzheimer‘s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9(1): 10. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195–017–0237-y>.
  14. Hosaka A, Araki W, Oda A et al. Statins reduce amyloid beta-peptide production by modulating amyloid precursor protein maturation and phosphorylation through a cholesterol-independent mechanism in cultured neurons. Neurochem Res 2013; 38(3): 589–600. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064–012–0956–1>.
  15. Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A et al. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32(4): 949–965. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011–017–0021–5>.
  16. Swiger KJ, Manalac RJ, Blumenthal RS et al. Statins and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88(11): 1213–1221. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.07.013>.
  17. Parsaik AK, Singh B, Murad MH et al. Statins use and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2014; 160: 62–67. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.026>.
  18. Salagre E, Fernandes BS, Dodd S et al. Statins for the treatment of depression: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Affect Disord 2016; 200: 235–242. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.047>.
  19. Karam JG, Loney-Hutchinson L et al. [Stroke Prevetion by Aggressive Reduction in Cholestrol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators].High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack: The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. J Cardiometab Syndr 2008; 3(1): 68–69.
Labels
Angiology Diabetology Internal medicine Cardiology General practitioner for adults
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#